Collected Definitions of Science.
These
are definitions of science as I've encountered them, mostly in books,
without any directed searching of the the internet. Also see Steven
Dutch's, What
Pseudoscience Tells us About Science for a discussion of differences
between science and pseudoscience.
Science: the
discipline of creating secure agreement from ignorance and discord by
agreeing to value stories only for their vulnerability to
being shown to be incorrect, and by agreeing to believe stories only to
the extent that they have survived attempts to falsify them and are
consistent with other such unfalsified stories. (FWS: November
2004, Jan 2006, June 2008, Dec 2009).
A
theory is scientific only if it is refutable by a conceivable
event. (Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Karl Popper
)
The
most informative and useful delineation between those pursuits
understood as scientific and those of the pseudo-sciences, is that
science integrates positive and negative feedback loops [that] are
based on critical analysis, empirical testing, and reformulation of
falsifiable statements. This process serves to maximize the
accumulation of accurate statements and minimize the accumulation of
erroneous statements within an integrated system of statements which
describe the physical universe. In other words, the primary function
of science,
and the thing that makes it different from pseudo-science, is
constructive self-criticism. ( Mark Albins, 7 February 2007)
Viewed from without, science appears to be a body of answers;
viewed from within, it is a way of asking questions... The truly
reliable guide to the importance of a theory is its utility in the
dynamics of investigation, and not the emotional appeal of the finished
product. (Ghiselen, 1969. Triumph of the Darwinian Method,
p 236).
Science is, if anything, a human endeavor, capturing knowledge
in language. (John Limber, Language & Consciousness, Refections on the Dawn of Consciousness,
p. 171)
To harmonize objects in time and space, without presuming to determine
the conditions that can rule their deepest being: to establish an
experimental chain of succession in nature, not a union of
‘ontological’ causality; to see, in other words, and not
to explain – this... is the scientific point of
view. (Teilhard de Chardin, 1959, The Phenomenon of Man,
chapter 2).
Science: criticised and systematized knowledge, based on observation and
experiment, summed up in the tersest and simplest empirical formulae
or “laws,” which can be verified by all who able to use
the methods. (Thompson, Arthur, 1940. The Beauty of Nature. p. 484 in
Stewart Morgan & William Thomas, Opinions and Attitudes in the
Twentieth Century. Thomas Nelson & Sons, New York.
viii+623pp).
Science is an exploration of the material universe that
seeks natural, orderly relationships among observed
phenomena and that is self-testing [and in which] the best answers
are theories that apply to a wide range of phenomena, that are subject
to extensive tests, and that are suggestive of further questions.
(George Gaylord Simpson, 1964, This View of Life,
p. 91).
Science – The observation, identification,
description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation
of phenomena. (The American Heritage Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin
Company, cited by Brennan Caverhill at CARCNET 2005, Ottawa).
Science – An
interconnected series of concepts and conceptual schemes that have
developed as a result of experimentation and observation and are
fruitful of further experimentation and observation.... comprising:
(1) speculative general ideas, (2) deductive reasoning, and (3)
experimentation. (James Conant, quoted by George Gaylord
Simpson, 1964, This View of Life, p. 89).
Science – the study of those judgments concerning which
universal agreement can be obtained. (Norman Campbell,
quoted by George Gaylord Simpson, 1964, This view of Life, p. 94).
Glossary Definition of Science: Our knowledge of the natural world and the process through which that knowledge is built. The process of science relies on the testing of ideas with evidence gathered from the natural world. Science as a whole cannot be precisely defined but can be broadly described by a set of key characteristics... [presented too vacuously to be reproduced here].
Scientists use... facts... to increase human knowledge. They write
down the facts which have been discovered and classify them in proper
order so that they may be reused again. This classified knowledge is
Science. (Lumpus, George A, and John W.B. shore. 1946.
Elementary General Science. Macmillan Company of Canada,
Toronto. xvii+362 pp, p. 7).
Science is the means devised to minimize the discrepancies
between the inner [private, individual] and outer [public, material]
worlds and to pursue the ideal of a realistic concept of the universe.
(George Gaylord Simpson, This View of Life, 1964 p viii).
Science is not the mere collection of facts, which are
infinitely numerous and mostly uninteresting, but the attempt of the
human mind to order these facts into interesting patterns... The
imposition of design on nature is in fact an act of artistic creation on
the part of the man of science, though it is subject to a discipline
more exacting than of poetry or painting. (C. N. Hinshelwood, The
Structure of Physical Chemistry. Oxford 1951).
Jerry Kitich from Canada writes: so for the record here is my
brief understanding of the scientific method: observation of
facts via experiment or exploration, then a creation of a hypothesis to
explain those observations or data which when it stands up to further
testing, experimentation and observation becomes a theory and no longer
a hypothesis and if proved absolute becomes a
law such as the law of gravity, Newton's laws of motion etc. Include
independent verification, peer review and ongoing review of the
scientific literature and that's about it. (posted 31/Jan/2009 at
7:29 PM EST).
[Science's] unique objective is the systematization of valid
human experience in satisfying patterns that can be described exactly.
(R. E. Gibson, Science, Art, and Education, Annual Report
of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, 1953, pp 171-172
"...in science, never miss a chance to turn a
conversation into an argument." (Justin Congdon, 12h12, 18 March
2008, Toronto Zoo Turtle Stewardship and Management Workshop).
Science is a branch of economics where funding is used to provide employment for projects with high levels of predictability and repeatability, so if a scientist is lost to accident or alternative employment, the project can be continued by a near enough clone. – Stephen Thorpe ("tongue in cheeky"), on TAXACOM Thu, 14 Jan 2010 11:35:11 +1300...
Our system of science is of course objective on certain
levels, it genuinely is, but on the funding level it is highly
ideologically directed. (Bruce Alexander, the Walrus,
4(10):38, December 2007).
Science is a completely different enterprise than it used to be,
and if you just let everybody do what they want, if you would give them
the same freedom that they used to enjoy, most of them would be doing
things that society didn't particularly want them to do. (Daniel
Greenberg,